![]() ![]() ![]() And while several studies have investigated the effect of changes in ski geometry on injury risk, they have considered the athlete as a point mass (Gilgien et al., 2013, 2015c), relating equipment characteristics to gross biomechanical variables (i.e., speed, forces, trajectory) rather than the ski-snow interaction itself (Gilgien et al., 2016, 2018 Kröll et al., 2016a, b). However, there is a lack of empirical evidence validating these models under competitive conditions. Theoretical models of ski-snow interaction mechanics have been described and tested using numerical simulations and physical models. Equally important, enhancing knowledge of ski-snow interaction mechanics is essential for the development of appropriate competition equipment regulations (Spörri et al., 2016a) to reduce the high injury rates seen in alpine ski racing (Florenes et al., 2009, 2012 Haaland et al., 2015). Grasping the mechanics of how the ski interacts with the snow surface thus lays the foundation for understanding skier actions. To turn, a skier manipulates the orientation and loading pattern of skis to generate a reaction force from the snow surface that allows redirection of trajectory and regulation of speed. Turning technique is undoubtedly an important performance variable in alpine ski racing as can readily be ascertained by the attention it receives from coaches and athletes as well as from the sheer volume of scientific, professional, and lay publications addressing the topic. These results have important implications for understanding the consequences that ski design can have for skier technique and tactics in competitive slalom skiing. Other results of the study support recent developments in understanding of the role which the ski shovel plays in groove formation during carving, and also point to the need for further study of how ski geometrical and physical characteristics interact to determine the ski's trajectory, particularly at low edge angles. These values were in good agreement with theoretical predictions by Howe ( 2001) of turn radius based on edging angle. Turn radii reached minimum values of 3.96 ± 0.23 and 4.94 ± 0.59 m for the 10 and 13 m courses. For slalom turns on moderate steepness (19°), ski edging angles reached maximum values of 65.7 ± 1.7° and 71.0 ± 1.9° for 10 and 13 m gate spacings. The aim of this investigation was to use a 3D kinematic data set collected on highly-skilled skiers during slalom race simulations to quantify ski motion characteristics and to compare these measures with theoretical predictions based primarily on ski geometrical characteristics. Important insight into ski function, and ultimately skier technique and tactics, can be gained by studying how measured ski trajectories compare to predictions based on theoretical models of ski-snow interaction mechanics. ![]()
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